The Freakonomics of Marriage, or, A Tale of Two Non-Marrying Cities
The multi-million dollar estates of the stars in Beverly Hills and the “abandominiums” of impoverished neighborhoods in rustbelt cities such as my own of Baltimore have something in common: they’re among if not the least-marrying places in America.
In the United States, the marriage custom has warped most dramatically at the edges of wealth and poverty. Why?
Hollywood celebrities avoid marriage, or do it so casually that some entertainment columnists suspect it’s more a “publicity extravaganza” than a marriage. Maybe “getting married” is to a movie star what “dating” is to a mortal.
Raoul Felder, the famous celebrity divorce lawyer, sees a celebrity marriage as “the first step on the road to divorce.”
Kim Kardashian’s 72-day quickie marriage (“Mistake or Fake?” wonders People) is only the latest in a history of Hollywood never-lasting love that stretches back to Elizabeth Taylor. “Express” Hollywood marriages can last from 10 days (Carmen Electra and Dennis Rodman) to three weeks (Drew Berrymore and Jeremy Thomas) to seven months (Shannon Doherty and Ashley Hamilton). InStyle magazine featured Courtney Thorne-Smith on its cover when she married a genetic scientist, but before the magazine hit the newsstands seven months later, the couple had already separated.
Hollywood stars must not have the same marital metabolism as the rest of us. Otherwise, how could you be married for two years and say, as Angelina Jolie did after she divorced Billy Bob Thornton, “it was a real deep marriage”?
Hollywood and inner city marriages are risky by the same economic logic, in different circumstances. Hollywood marriage founders because there’s too much wealth and individual capital at stake to make it easy, financially advantageous, or worth the risk; Marriage in deeply low-income communities founders because there is too little wealth and too little individual capital at stake to make it easy, financially advantageous, or worth the risk, either.
For example, Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones’ marriage was almost derailed by intricate pre-nuptial negotiations. Douglas had rejected Zeta-Jones’ request for $4.4 million for every year they were married, and a house for life. Douglas’ attorney was counter-offering $1.4 million a year and a house, but one that would remain a part of Douglas’ estate. But Zeta-Jones, who was pregnant with Douglas’ child, had already agreed to let Douglas keep all the wedding presents worth more than $18,000, and felt that she’d compromised enough. “She isn’t money grabbing,” a friend reassured an entertainment reporter (um, yes, well…). “She just doesn’t want to feel like she’s getting a raw deal.” And Douglas had given his first divorced wife $60 million and a Santa Barbara mansion!
The poor women that Harvard sociologist Kathryn Edin writes about in her fine research on marriage don’t find themselves awkwardly featured on the cover of Instyle. Yet they’re just as “post-marriage.” In Baltimore, less than 10 percent of households now conform to the “traditional” model of a married, heterosexual couple with offspring. In true “Small-timore” fashion, I think I know them all.
Edin asked poor women why they wouldn’t marry, and found that they feel “marriage entails more risks than potential rewards.” Women recognize that “any marriage is also economically precarious, might well be conflict ridden, and short lived.” A poor woman might be better off not married because then “she has the flexibility to lower her household costs by getting rid of him.” One woman told Edin that after her boyfriend lost his job, “I was trying to live on my welfare check and it just wasn’t enough.… It was just too much pressure on me [even though] he is the love of my life. I told him he had to leave, even though I knew it wasn’t really his fault…. But I had nothing in the house to feed the kids.”
These women wanted to make sure that they kept everything in their name and control if they ever did marry. That’s the shared, self-protective logic of marriage for those who have a great deal to lose financially and for those who have very little to lose. Edin concludes that her subjects “simply could not afford to keep an economically unproductive man around the house. It’s a luxury that a low income mother can’t afford.”
At the non-marrying economic margins, marriage ironically shares that quality of being a luxury–not all that utilitarian or necessary. Marriage for the low-income woman is a luxury in the sense that it’s something she wants and can’t afford. It’s a luxury for the Hollywood star in the sense that it’s something she can afford, but doesn’t need. Marriage is entered into warily when the going is very tough, or when the going is very easy.
Both Hollywood and the “ghetto” have been magnets for social conservative criticism for their slipshod marital habits.
Remedies abound. A frail celebrity marriage can go to an exclusive “couples treatment” at a day spa called Going to Skin in Envino, California. “I have created more love affairs, stopped more divorces, and made more people happy,” boasts the spa’s founder. John Travolta and his wife enjoyed the Spa Romantique II, a three hour, $400 package that includes a salt glow, body shampoo, privacy soak, one hour facial and CHI massage. The most popular couples package is “endless courtship.” The two hour, $375 pampering session offers a privacy soak, dry brushing exfoliation, a cornmeal pineapple facial and massage.
That’s where Hollywood goes to fortify its marriages. Low-income couples in Baltimore go to “marriage education” classes in church basements and state government buildings, funded by the Federal government’s Healthy Marriage Initiative within the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. I can’t tell you if they get body shampoos and cornmeal pineapple facials, but I’m guessing not.
One empirical conclusion to draw from this tale of two cities is that “marriage works”—is most functional and utilitarian and “value-added”—for the middle class in the U.S., neither Hollywood rich nor ghetto poor.
Statistics bear this out. A marriage class divide–a “widening gulf,” characterizes The Economist–has opened in the 21st century between the poor and more affluent classes. In the 1970s, marriage and divorce rates fell equally across class and education levels. Today, couples making over $50,000 have a 31 percent chance of divorce after 15 years, compared with a 65 percent chance for those making under $25,000. Scholar Pamela Smock comments that marriage in the 21st century might emerge as a more elite custom.
Poor women don’t reject the idea of marriage. Nor do Hollywood stars. It simply doesn’t end up running as smoothly or make as much sense for them economically. Within a certain income range, marriage creates economies of scale and helps pool assets. Also, marriages in the professional class today are likely to pool the intangible assets of labor: They often engage in gender-bending around chores, breadwinning, and childcare, which makes marriage an even more adaptive and convenient arrangement for them—one that makes life easier and more prosperous (and therefore, more appealing).
If you’re filthy rich, those benefits don’t matter as much. If you’re filthy poor, those benefits don’t apply as much.
Maybe France’s Minister of Justice Michèle Alliot-Marie is right to conclude that marriage really is “a bourgeois institution.”
So, maybe the way to shore up marriage, for those who want that, is to shore up the American middle class that is marriage’s natural habitat? With living wages, perhaps, and good jobs? Just a thought.
