538 - Just My Plug: Socket Map of the World

The maps discussed on this blog are rarely of any hard, practical use. This one does have real-world relevance – especially if you’re a globetrotting, It’s-Tuesday-so-this-must-be-Belarus kind of traveller.

Living and working in Country A, your locally-bought electrical and electronic devices will have a plug that fits the local sockets. This correspondence is so self-evident that you don’t even think of it.

But then business or pleasure transports you to country B, where electrical sockets are configured differently. Your electric razor won’t work, and once the batteries are dead, you’ll be laptopless and unphoneable (1). Just picture yourself – unshaven and unreachable, stranded in an analog desert. That is what the 1970s must have been like.

If you want to avoid being left to your own devices, you’ll want to buy one of those travel gizmos they sell at airports – a cross between an adaptor plug and a Swiss army knife. These little plastic boxes will unfold into any combination of plug and socket to be inserted in between the plug on your machine and the local electrical sockets.

For some useful background, see this handy map, showing the world’s five common types of electrical sockets. On this map, these five socket types constitute as many zones of plug-and-socket compatibility, each rooted in political, colonial and economic history – but none corresponding quite exactly to any existing supranational bodies; an alternate arrangement of the world community not unlike the map of driving directions discussed earlier on this blog (see #76).

Here’s an overview of the world’s elusive ‘electrical communities’, as defined by the socket models they use:

The ‘American’ model (yellow), consisting of two vertical rectangular openings, side by side. This prevails across all of North and Central America, and most of South America (sharing Brazil with the fifth model). It’s also the standard model in Saudi Arabia, Liberia, the Philippines, Japan and Taiwan – in each case probably the direct consequence of American influence. A bigger mystery is the prevalent use of this model in Indochina – it is the standard model in Laos, and an option in Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand.

The ‘subcontinental’ model (dark green), a triangle of circular openings, is used throughout a swathe of South Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan. It has a dependency on the southern tip of Africa, consisting of South Africa and Namibia; and two more adherents in West Africa: Benin and Ghana.

The ‘antipodean’ model (light blue), made up of three rectangles arranged to look like the mask from the Scream movies, is used in only four countries, all in the Southern Hemisphere: Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea.

The ‘imperial’ model (dark blue), two flat rectangles below, one upright on top, quite clearly is a remnant of the British Empire, as it is used not only in the UK and Ireland, but also in that swathe of Africa with which Cecil Rhodes had once sought to connect ‘the Cape and Cairo’: Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. Other adherents include Nigeria and Sierra Leone in West Africa; Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman in the Arabian Peninsula, and Birma/Myanmar and Malaysia in Asia. China also uses this model, but to my knowledge was never part of the British Empire.

The ‘European’ model (light green), which looks a bit like Wall-E, is present in all of Europe (except the UK and Ireland), all former Soviet republics, both Koreas, Turkey and most of the Middle East (2), most African countries (3), Indonesia, and five South American countries (4).

This map, sent in by Mark Lakata, was first published in National Geographic. It chooses clarity over comprehensiveness: in reality, there are 13 plug-and-socket systems in operation throughout the world (some are compatible with each other), and numerous national standards for voltage and frequency.

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(1) Released from the tyrannical glare of your computer screen, you could consider a visit to that diametrical opposite of the Starbucks café, the laptopless bar.

(2) Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan and Yemen.

(3) i.e. all those not included in the ‘subcontinental’ or ‘imperial’ models.

(4) Surinam, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile. French Guyana is not a country, but a dependency of France. The ‘European’ model shares Brazil with the ‘American’ one.