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Starts With A Bang

This Is How Humanity’s First Nuclear Explosion Created A New, Radioactive Mineral

At ground zero, Trinitite, the green, glassy substance found in the area, is still radioactive and must not be picked up. The Trinity Site was where the first atomic bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time on July 16, 1945 on the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, April 1, 2000. (Credit: Joe Raedle)
At ground zero, Trinitite, the green, glassy substance found in the area, is still radioactive and must not be picked up. The Trinity Site was where the first atomic bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time on July 16, 1945 on the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, April 1, 2000. (Joe Raedle)

At the Trinity test site in New Mexico, the radioactive substance “Trinitite” can still be found today.


On July 16, 1945, humanity carried out the very first successful atomic bomb test at the Trinity site in the desert of New Mexico. This plutonium-based device used an implosion-based design, which was replicated for the Fat Man bomb that was detonated a few months later over Nagasaki. Despite the fact that the massive device weighed about 5 tons, only a few pounds (or kilograms) was fissile material; the overwhelming majority was either the thick steel armor and case, as well as the high explosives surrounding the plutonium core designed to detonate the nuclear bomb.

The explosion resulted in an unprecedented release of energy: the equivalent of some 20,000 tons of TNT. Even though it was detonated from the top of a high tower, the blast created a crater between 5–8 feet (1.6–2.4 meters) deep. And all around the land, a new type of mineral never-before created on Earth was created: trinitite. Here’s how it happened.

3-D computer drawing of the major nuclear components of Fat Man, the nuclear bomb dropped on Nagasaki. The design is practically identical to the design of the Trinity test, with a plutonium core surrounded by a uranium slug embedded in a metal sphere, all surrounded by thousands of pounds of high explosives as a detonator. (ALEX WELLERSTEIN / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)

During World War II, the United States pursued a couple of different designs for a potential nuclear weapon, as no one had ever performed a successful nuclear detonation before. After constructing a near-solid spherical core where an aluminum shell would blanket a uranium slug that itself contained a plutonium sphere, made of two hemispheric components that were pressed around a tiny polonium-beryllium core.

The high explosives surrounding the aluminum shell should detonate and start the core compression, which would trigger the nuclear reaction inside. Atop a 100-foot (30 meter) tower, the bomb was placed. And at 5:29 AM on July 16th, 1945, the nuclear test was finally performed.

A photograph on display at The Bradbury Science Museum shows the first atomic bomb test On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45am, at Trinity Site in New Mexico, U.S.A. The blast is about 200 meters (660 feet) high, which was detonated from a tower just 30 meters (100 feet) off the ground. (Bradbury Science museum/Los Alamos; photo copied by Joe Raedle)

It’s often hard to appreciate how quickly energy gets released in something like a nuclear explosion. The shockwave from the initial blast was so powerful it was felt from over 100 miles (160 km) away, with the mushroom cloud reaching 7.5 miles (12 km) in height. The above photo, taken just 16 milliseconds (0.016 seconds) after detonation, shows a blast explosion about 660 feet (200 meters) high, but it’s what happened below, on the ground, that really was surprising.

White Sands, New Mexico. Aerial view of the aftermath of the Trinity test, 28 hours after the explosion. The smaller crater to the southeast is from the earlier detonation of 100 tons of TNT on May 7, 1945. To the left of the crater can be seen the “Jumbo” container, unharmed, and its collapsed tower (a vertical line). The blast crater from the nuclear detonation is approximately a quarter-mile in diameter.(FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES; BOMAZI/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)

Beneath the explosion location, an enormous crater formed. The landscape was incredibly scarred, and in many place, melted by the nuclear explosion. Because it was a fission bomb filled with plutonium and uranium, a variety of different isotopes and elements were strewn about into the mix. When all was said-and-done, what resulted on the ground below was something never seen before anywhere on Earth.

A typical piece of trinitite, where the green glass was likely liquefied completely and fused to the material beneath it. (SHADDACK / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)

The desert sand melted under the incredible heat, creating a radioactive, green-colored glass known today as trinitite, from the Trinity test that created it. The silicate mineral was largely composed of quartz grain, feldspar, and with small amounts of calcite, hornblende, and augite mixed in. The temperatures and energies achieved had never before been reached on Earth, not even by an asteroid strike or a volcanic eruption.

Much of the trinitite that exists, though, wasn’t formed by the blast wave pressing down into the sand, but by sand which was drawn up inside the nuclear explosion itself, and then rained down in liquid form.

Twice a year the Trinity site where the US detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16th, 1945 is open to the public. On April 2, 2005 over 2500 atomic tourists visited New Mexico’s desolate Jornado del Muerte. Radioactive Trinite is a glassy substance of melted desert sand caused by the atomic blast. Red light indicates radioactive material. (John van Hasselt/Corbis via Getty Images)

According to Clarence S. Ross of the USGS, writing in 1948 about the Optical Properties Of Glass From Alamogordo, New Mexico,

The glass, in general, formed a layer 1 to 2 centimeters thick, with the upper surface marked by a very thin sprinkling of dust which fell upon it while it was still molten. At the bottom is a thicker film of partly fused material, which grades into the soil from which it was derived. The color of the glass is a pale bottle green, and the material is extremely vesicular, with the size of the bubbles ranging to nearly the full thickness of the specimen.

The glass wasn’t a solid surface, but was rather fragmented into pieces of a wide variety of sizes. If you bring a Geiger counter near them, even today, you’ll here that continuous “clicking” sound: a telltale sign of continuous radioactivity.

This photograph shows two men in the remnants of the crater created by the nuclear blast a month after the detonation. Fragments of trinitite can be seen strewn all about the ground, even here. (LOS ALAMOS MILITARY POLICE / US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE)

The trinitite itself contains a mix of radioactive isotopes all throughout it that wouldn’t otherwise be found in nature. This includes, across a wide variety of samples, Cobalt-60, Barium-133, Europium-152 and 154, Americium-241, Cesium-137, Potassium-40, as well as Thorium-232 and Uranium-238. Material from the bomb, the metal tower (which was almost completely annihilated), and from irradiated minerals can all be found embedded inside this trinitite.

Levels of radioisotopes in the glass formed by the first atom bomb test as measured by gamma spectroscopy. Two different samples are shown here, where the differences in the isotope ratios likely corresponds to different mineral and elemental contents of the sand, tower, bomb, etc., that created the individual pieces of trinitite. (CADMIUM AT ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA)

Unsurprisingly, this unique mineral was originally thought to be nothing more than simple, fused glass. The green, glassy substance known as trinitite became a collectors item, and was forged into jewelry from a time, before the dangers of radioactivity were realized. Once they were apparent, it became illegal to remove any material from the site, as the Atomic Energy Commission bulldozed and buried much of it, closing down the Trinity site to the public.

Over time, however, policies softened. In 1965, the site was declared a National Historic Landmark, and visitors can now go inside and check it out twice a year: on the first Saturdays of April and October. A few thousand people attend each semiannual opening, and you can still experience radiation levels that are 10 times as high as the normal background, and see small pieces of trinitite on the ground. (And although it is illegal to remove them, samples removed from the site in the 1940s can still be legally purchased.)

A small piece of trinitite, polished and suitable for jewelry making, despite its small size of just 6 mm in diameter. (H. HILLER / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS)

As beautiful, intricate, and interesting as trinitite is, the greatest hope of citizens all over the world is that nothing like it ever gets created again. Deep inside the mushroom cloud resulting from the atomic blast, sand, metals, bomb materials, and atmospheric particles all came together and went through all the normal stages of matter: from solid to liquid to gas and all the way to plasma.

Although the mixing wasn’t even throughout the mushroom cloud, fragments of practically all of the elements present can be found in what re-formed when the air cooled again. The glassy trinitite is what you get when the sand cools back down through the liquid phase, and then solidifies. The mineral itself is like nothing else on Earth, but is a stark reminder of the destructive capabilities that humanity possesses.

The first atomic bomb explodes at Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945. The successful test cleared the way for use of a nuclear device against Japan at the end of World War II. This mushroom cloud wound up reaching altitudes of 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) at its highest; the trinitite fragments rained down as an example of radioactive fallout in the aftermath of the explosion. (© CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images)

What is trinitite, then, really? It’s the first and purest example of radioactive fallout from a nuclear explosion. While simply heating sand to temperatures of around 1500 °C (2700 °F) is enough to create some very attractive fused glass out of it, the Trinity test vaporized practically every element within a quarter mile (400 meter) diameter sphere. This included elements with melting points far higher, exceeded by a localized energy release not seen by humans under any other circumstances throughout history. Nuclear detonations have unique properties, and this glass, although beautiful in its own way, is also a horrific reminder of the destructive power we wield, as well as its often-unforeseen consequences.

Travel the Universe with astrophysicist Ethan Siegel. Subscribers will get the newsletter every Saturday. All aboard!

Trinitite will remain radioactive so long as our Sun shines. It’s up to us — the rest of humanity — to ensure that we never create anything like it again.


Ethan Siegel is the author of Beyond the Galaxy and Treknology. You can pre-order his third book, currently in development: the Encyclopaedia Cosmologica.

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